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<title>Operation Reflex</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation Reflex</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Operation Reflex</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Reflex Action<br>Part of <a href="Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="Torrejon_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Torrejon Air Base">Torrejon Air Base</a>, a <a href="Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">Strategic Air Command</a> Reflex base</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Operational scope</th><td class="infobox-data">Strategic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline;" class="location">England, Morocco, Spain</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Planned by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">Strategic Air Command</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Objective</th><td class="infobox-data">Nuclear deterrence</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">1 November 1957<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1957-11-01</span>)</span>–31 March 1965<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1965-03-31</span>)</span></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Operation Reflex</b> was a <a href="Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> operation that placed <a href="Medium_bomber" title="Medium bomber">medium bombers</a> of <a href="Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">Strategic Air Command</a> (SAC) on <a href="Alert_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Alert status">nuclear alert</a> at European and North African stations that were closer to their potential targets than their home bases in the United States. It began in 1957 and continued until 1965, when it ended as a result of the increased number of weapons systems capable of striking targets from stations in the United States, fiscal decisions and the pending removal of <a href="Boeing_B-47_Stratojet" title="Boeing B-47 Stratojet">Boeing B-47 Stratojets</a> from SAC's inventory.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

<p>With the exception of the <a href="Convair_B-36_Peacemaker" title="Convair B-36 Peacemaker">Convair B-36 Peacemaker</a>, early <a href="Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">Strategic Air Command</a> (SAC) bombers had to deploy to forward bases to be in range of targets in the Soviet Union. During the <a href="Berlin_Airlift" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Airlift">Berlin Airlift</a>, SAC deployed 62 <a href="Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">Boeing B-29 Superfortresses</a> from <a href="MacDill_Air_Force_Base" title="MacDill Air Force Base">MacDill</a> and <a href="Rapid_City_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid City Air Force Base">Rapid City Air Force Bases</a> to England. Starting in the early 1950s, SAC began to rotate its <a href="Medium_bomber" title="Medium bomber">medium bomber</a> units to England for 90 day periods. Rotation bases were added in Spain and Morocco as well as England for missions heading eastward and to <a href="Andersen_Air_Force_Base" title="Andersen Air Force Base">Andersen Air Force Base</a>, Guam for those heading west. These bombers' home bases in the United States were designed more to facilitate deployments than to support attacks on the Soviet Union. Until <a href="Limestone_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Limestone Air Force Base">Limestone Air Force Base</a>, Maine was constructed, even B-36s relied on staging bases in Labrador and Newfoundland.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Although doctrine called for theater commanders to control bases and forces under their control, SAC's experience during the <a href="Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, in which its two deployed B-29 <a href="Wing_(military_aviation_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing (military aviation unit)">wings</a>, the <a href="22nd_Air_Refueling_Wing" title="22nd Air Refueling Wing">22nd</a> and <a href="92nd_Air_Refueling_Wing" title="92nd Air Refueling Wing">92nd</a>, operated from <a href="Far_East_Air_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Far East Air Forces">Far East Air Forces</a> (FEAF) bases and operated under FEAF control,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> convinced it that it needed to be able to operate from overseas bases under its control.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>While overseas bases continued to be required while SAC maintained a medium bomber force, they became primarily recovery bases or bases from which a second strike might be launched.<sup id="cite_ref-Haulman60_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haulman60-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, although SAC bombers were deployed to forward locations where they would be able to strike targets in the Soviet Union, they were not on <a href="Alert_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Alert status">nuclear alert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-1950s, the Soviet Union began to substantially increase its long range bomber force. In response, SAC planners proposed to keep SAC bombers on alert with weapons loaded and crews nearby, ready for takeoff. After several tests of the concept, SAC units began to put planes and crews on alert on 1 October 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1 November, SAC announced publicly that it had armed bombers at the end of runways ready to take off within 15 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reflex_alert_operations">Reflex alert operations</h2></div>

<p>Preparation for overseas alert began in July 1957, when four <a href="Wing_(military_aviation_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing (military aviation unit)">wings</a> from SAC's <a href="Second_Air_Force" title="Second Air Force">Second Air Force</a> each sent five bombers to <a href="Sidi_Slimane_Air_Base" title="Sidi Slimane Air Base">Sidi Slimane Air Base</a>, Morocco. On 1 October, overseas nuclear alert began, called Operation Reflex.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reflex tours of duty in Europe and Morocco were usually for 90 days,<sup id="cite_ref-Narducci2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narducci2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and individuals, rather than units, rotated overseas. In addition to positioning its strike force closer to targets in the Soviet Union, Reflex dispersed SAC's bomber force, making it more difficult to target.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike earlier SAC unit deployments overseas, Reflex aircraft did not fly training or operational missions, but remained on ground alert while deployed.<sup id="cite_ref-Schake220_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schake220-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A typical Reflex deployment would resemble that at <a href="RAF_Fairford" title="RAF Fairford">RAF Fairford</a>, which began Reflex operations on 7 January 1958. <a href="Second_Air_Force" title="Second Air Force">Second Air Force</a> and <a href="Eighth_Air_Force" title="Eighth Air Force">Eighth Air Force</a> each operated fifteen B-47s split between Fairford and <a href="RAF_Greenham_Common" title="RAF Greenham Common">RAF Greenham Common</a>. These planes were drawn from six different bombardment wings. Individual aircraft were rotated weekly.<sup id="cite_ref-Tursner_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tursner-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When aircraft rotated, they did not necessarily return to the United States, but sometimes moved to another Reflex base.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were more crews than aircraft. Crews typically arrived at their Reflex bases on SAC KC-97s, rather than with ferried bombers. Typical cycles for aircrew involved two week-long alert periods, with a week's rest between.<sup id="cite_ref-Schake220_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schake220-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>By the middle of 1958, SAC had six bombers on alert at each of its bases in England, Morocco and Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65ADfacts_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65ADfacts-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="Lebanon_Crisis_of_1958" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanon Crisis of 1958">Lebanon Crisis of 1958</a>, the <a href="Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a> and the <a href="Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>, the number of Reflex aircraft maintained on alert was increased.<sup id="cite_ref-Tursner_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tursner-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The gradual phase out of <a href="Boeing_B-47_Stratojet" title="Boeing B-47 Stratojet">Boeing B-47 Stratojets</a> and <a href="Boeing_KC-97_Stratofreighter" title="Boeing KC-97 Stratofreighter">Boeing KC-97 Stratofreighters</a> from SAC's inventory, coupled with a serious balance of payments problem led to the end of Operation Reflex.<sup id="cite_ref-Narducci14_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narducci14-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An earlier <a href="RAND" class="mw-redirect" title="RAND">RAND</a> study indicated that forward based bombers were vulnerable to attacks by Soviet <a href="Light_bombers" class="mw-redirect" title="Light bombers">light bombers</a> stationed in satellite nations,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Soviet long range aviation would still be available to attack the United States. Moreover, <a href="Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">Boeing B-52 Stratofortress</a> heavy bombers were capable of extending their range through <a href="Air_refueling" class="mw-redirect" title="Air refueling">air refueling</a> from <a href="Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker" title="Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker">Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers</a>. SAC revised its basing policy with one named Full House, in which B-47s would be located in the United States, using KC-97s stationed in the Northeastern United States<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to give them a head start to refuel bombers, which would be able to strike Soviet targets directly.<sup id="cite_ref-Haulman60_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haulman60-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, developments in nuclear weapons provided lighter nuclear warheads, which in turn made <a href="Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">intercontinental ballistic missiles</a> practical delivery systems by the early 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a> was also able to deploy <a href="Submarine-launched_ballistic_missile" title="Submarine-launched ballistic missile">submarine-launched ballistic missiles</a> in the early 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>SAC was also switching from a "perimeter" strategy, relying on bases in foreign nations to a "polar" strategy, allowing its bombers to strike from bases in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reductions in Operation Reflex began in 1963 with the withdrawal of the United States military from Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program was finally phased out on 31 March 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-Narducci14_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narducci14-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reflex_bases">Reflex bases</h2></div>

<p>The following list, organized by country, lists the supporting SAC unit and the unit responsible for <a href="Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> at the installation:

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morocco">Morocco</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="5th_Air_Division" title="5th Air Division">5th Air Division</a> (later 4310th Air Division)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Ben_Guerir_Air_Base" title="Ben Guerir Air Base">Ben Guerir Air Base</a></li></ul>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>3926th Air Base Group (later Combat Support Group)<sup id="cite_ref-Butler2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dd>10th Aviation Depot Squadron (later Munitions Maintenance Squadron)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Nouasseur_Air_Base" title="Nouasseur Air Base">Nouasseur Air Base</a></li></ul>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>3922nd Air Base Group (later Combat Support Group)<sup id="cite_ref-Butler2_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dd>6th Aviation Depot Squadron (later Munitions Maintenance Squadron)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Sidi_Slimane_Air_Base" title="Sidi Slimane Air Base">Sidi Slimane Air Base</a></li></ul>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>3906th Air Base Group (later Combat Support Group)<sup id="cite_ref-Butler2_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dd>5th Aviation Depot Squadron (later Munitions Maintenance Squadron)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Sixteenth_Air_Force" title="Sixteenth Air Force">Sixteenth Air Force</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Moron_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Moron Air Base">Moron Air Base</a></li></ul>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>3973rd Air Base Group (later Combat Support Group)<sup id="cite_ref-Butler2_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dd>15th Aviation Depot Squadron (later Munitions Maintenance Squadron)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Torrejon_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Torrejon Air Base">Torrejon Air Base</a></li></ul>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>3970th Air Base Group (later Combat Support Group)<sup id="cite_ref-Butler2_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dd>1st Aviation Depot Squadron (later Munitions Maintenance Squadron)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Zaragoza_Air_Base" title="Zaragoza Air Base">Zaragoza Air Base</a></li></ul>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>3974th Air Base Group (later Combat Support Group)<sup id="cite_ref-Butler2_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dd>13th Aviation Depot Squadron (later Munitions Maintenance Squadron)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="7th_Air_Division" title="7th Air Division">7th Air Division</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="RAF_Brize_Norton" title="RAF Brize Norton">RAF Brize Norton</a></li></ul>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>3920th Air Base Group (later Combat Support Group)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dd>2nd Aviation Depot Squadron (later Munitions Maintenance Squadron)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dd>4th Aviation Depot Squadron<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl>

<ul><li>RAF Fairford</li></ul>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>3920th Air Base Group (later Combat Support Group)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dd>9th Aviation Depot Squadron (later Munitions Maintenance Squadron)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl>

<ul><li>RAF Greenham Common</li></ul>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>3909 Air Base Group (later Combat Support Group)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3909May60_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3909May60-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dd>4th Aviation Depot Squadron (later Munitions Maintenance Squadron)<sup id="cite_ref-3909May60_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3909May60-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl>

<ul><li><a href="RAF_Lakenheath" title="RAF Lakenheath">RAF Lakenheath</a></li></ul>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>3910 Air Base Group (later Combat Support Group)<sup id="cite_ref-Willard33_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willard33-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dd>8th Aviation Depot Squadron<sup id="cite_ref-Willard33_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willard33-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dd>99th Aviation Depot Squadron (later Munitions Maintenance Squadron)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl>

<ul><li><a href="RAF_Mildenhall" title="RAF Mildenhall">RAF Mildenhall</a></li></ul>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>3913th Combat Support Group<sup id="cite_ref-Willard42_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willard42-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dd>19th Aviation Depot Squadron<sup id="cite_ref-Willard42_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willard42-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl>

<ul><li><a href="RAF_Upper_Heyford" title="RAF Upper Heyford">RAF Upper Heyford</a></li></ul>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>3918th Air Base Group (later Combat Support Group)<sup id="cite_ref-Willard59_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willard59-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dd>11th Aviation Depot Squadron (later Munitions Maintenance Squadron)<sup id="cite_ref-Willard59_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willard59-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_B-47_units_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="List of B-47 units of the United States Air Force">List of B-47 units of the United States Air Force</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div>

<dl><dt>Explanatory notes</dt></dl>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aircraft is Boeing KC-97G-29-BO Stratofreighter, serial 53-0172 of the <a href="100th_Air_Refueling_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="100th Air Refueling Squadron">100th Air Refueling Squadron</a>. This plane was later converted to a KC-97L and transferred to the <a href="Spanish_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Air Force">Spanish Air Force</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><cite id="CITEREFDirkx2025" class="citation web cs1">Dirkx, Marco (7 June 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crouze.com/baugher/usaf_serials/1953.html">"1953 USAF Serial Numbers"</a>. Joe Baugher’s Serial Number List<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ultimately, the theater commander (in this case an <a href="United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a> general, <a href="Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>), approved targeting for the SAC bombers in the Pacific, overruling requests to concentrate on strategic targets in North Korea. Schake, p. 69. Later, SAC was able to deploy the <a href="98th_Operations_Group" title="98th Operations Group">98th</a> and <a href="307th_Bombardment_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="307th Bombardment Group">307th Bombardment Groups</a> for 30 days of temporary duty to strike strategic targets. When they remained in the Far East beyond the 30 days, they came under FEAF control. Schake, p. 70.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although properly named "Reflex Action,"<sup id="cite_ref-Narducci2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narducci2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was more commonly called Operation Reflex, or simply Reflex. Schake, p. 181.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Primarily from bases in the German Democratic Republic. SAC sought to minimize this threat by selecting bases that, while within the range of its medium bombers to their assigned targets, were as far away from Soviet light bomber bases as possible. Schake, p. 96.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">KC-97s were also stationed in or deployed to Canada, Greenland, Bermuda, and Alaska. Haulman, p. 60.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The establishment of these bases had been negotiated with the French government. After Morocco became independent, there was substantial opposition to their continued use. Schrake, p. 115, n. 45.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SAC's <a href="65th_Air_Division" title="65th Air Division">65th Air Division</a> in Spain was devoted to the <a href="Air_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Air defense">air defense</a> mission, and reflex support units were assigned directly to Sixteenth Air Force.<sup id="cite_ref-65ADfacts_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65ADfacts-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haulman, pp. 58-59</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schake, p. 68</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Haulman60-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haulman60_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haulman60_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Haulman, p. 60</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Narducci, p. ii</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Narducci, p. 1</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Narducci, p. 3</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Narducci2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Narducci2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Narducci2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Narducci, p. 2</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SAC Alert Operations, pp. 2-3</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Schake220-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schake220_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schake220_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schake, p. 220</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Tursner-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tursner_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tursner_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTursner-Upcott" class="citation web cs1">Tursner-Upcott, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.raf-fairford.co.uk/usaf-1950-1964/">"RAF Fairford US AF Air Base History: USAF 1950-1964"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tursner-Upcott. (rotation between Fairford and Moron.)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schake, p. 207</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-65ADfacts-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-65ADfacts_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-65ADfacts_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014002646/http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=10114">"Factsheet 65 Air Division (Defense)"</a>. Air Force Historical Research Agency. 5 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=10114">the original</a> on 14 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schake, p. 181</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Narducci14-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Narducci14_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Narducci14_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Narducci, p. 14</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schake, pp. 209-10 (nuclear warhead improvements); pp. 212–13 (buildup of intercontinental missile force).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schake, p. 215</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schalke, p. 2</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Butler2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Butler2_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butler2_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butler2_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butler2_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butler2_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butler2_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butler2_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Butler, p. 2</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030115646/http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=10055">"Factsheet 5 Air Division"</a>. Air Force Historical Research Agency. 4 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=10055">the original</a> on 30 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNo_byline2022" class="citation web cs1">No byline (22 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usafunithistory.com/PDF/10-19/10%20MUNITIONS%20MAINTENANCE%20SQ.pdf">"10 Munitions Maintenance Squadron"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. USAF Unit Histories<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNo_byline1958" class="citation web cs1">No byline (1 September 1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/439/635.xml">"Abstract, History 3922 Air Base Group"</a>. Air Force History Index<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNo_byline2015" class="citation web cs1">No byline (28 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usafunithistory.com/PDF/5-9/5%20MUNITIONS%20SQ.pdf">"5 Muntions Squadron"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. USAF Unit Histories<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMusser0209" class="citation web cs1">Musser, James (21 October 0209). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dafhistory.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/1994990/sixteenth-air-force-air-forces-cyber-acc/">"Factsheet Sixteenth Air Force (Air Forces Cyber) ACC"</a>. Air Force Historical Research Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2009" class="citation web cs1">Robertson, Patsy (5 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dafhistory.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/432535/15-munitions-squadron-afmc/">"Factsheet 15 Munitions Squadron (AFMCC)"</a>. Air Force Historical Research Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFReam2021" class="citation web cs1">Ream, Margaret (27 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dafhistory.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/2709471/1-munitions-squadron-acc/">"Factsheet 1 Munitions Squadron (ACC)"</a>. Air Force Historical Research Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNo_byline2013" class="citation web cs1">No byline (11 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usafunithistory.com/PDF/10-19/13%20MUNITIONS%20MAINTENANCE%20SQ.pdf">"13 Munitions Maintenance Squadron"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. USAF Unit Histories<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030115652/http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=10060">"Factsheet 7 Air Division"</a>. Air Force Historical Research Agency. 4 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=10060">the original</a> on 30 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willard, p. 8</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNo_byline1958" class="citation web cs1">No byline (1 July 1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/439/628.xml">"Abstract, History 3920 Air Base Gp"</a>. Air Force History Index<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willard, pp. 7,9</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2016" class="citation web cs1">Bailey, Carl (15 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dafhistory.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/1014654/2-munitions-sq-afgsc/">"Factsheet 2 Munitions Squadron (AFGSC)"</a>. Air Force Historical Research Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willard, p. 7</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willard, pp. 23-24</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willard, p. 24</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLahue2021" class="citation web cs1">Lahue, Melissa (20 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dafhistory.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/2809447/9-munitions-squadron-acc/">"Factsheet 9 Munitions Squadron (ACC)"</a>. Air Force Historical Research Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willard, pp. 26-27</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3909May60-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-3909May60_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-3909May60_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNo_byline" class="citation web cs1">No byline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/444/672.xml">"Abstract, History 3909 Combat Support Gp May 1960"</a>. Air Force History Index<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willard, p. 27</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Willard33-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Willard33_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willard33_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Willard, p. 33</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willard, p. 34</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Willard42-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Willard42_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willard42_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Willard, p. 42</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2009" class="citation web cs1">Robertson, Patsy (15 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250208120315/https://www.dafhistory.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/432536/19-munitions-squadron-afmc/">"Factsheet 19 Munitions Squadron (AFMC)"</a>. Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dafhistory.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/432536/19-munitions-squadron-afmc/">the original</a> on 8 February 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Willard59-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Willard59_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willard59_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Willard, p. 59</span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFButler2004" class="citation book cs1">Butler, William M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hoseyfiles.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/20040501-16af-heritagepam.pdf"><i>Fifty Years on NATO's Southern Flank: A History of Sixteenth Air Force 1954-2004</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Aviano AB, Italy: Office of History, Sixteenth Air Force<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHaulman2014" class="citation book cs1">Haulman, Daniel L. (2014) [2004]. "Chapter 2: Air Force Bases 1948–1960". In Shaw, Frederick J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/28/2001330145/-1/-1/0/Locating%20AF%20Base%20Sites%20Final_2014.pdf"><i>Locating Air Force Base Sites: History's Legacy</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Updated ed.). Washington DC: Air Force History and Museums Program. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1477539996</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNarducci1988" class="citation book cs1">Narducci, Henry M. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210023608670;view=1up;seq=3"><i>Strategic Air Command and the Alert Program: A Brief History</i></a>. Offutt AFB, NE: Office of the Historian, Strategic Air Command<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSchake1998" class="citation book cs1">Schake, Col Kurt W. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theblackvault.com/documents/ADA353633.pdf"><i>Strategic Frontier: American Bomber Bases Overseas, 1950-1960</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian University of Science and Technology. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-8277650241</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWillard1988" class="citation book cs1">Willard, TSG Richard R. (1988) [1968]. <i>Location of United States Military Units in the United Kingdom, 16 July 1948-31 December 1967</i>. USAF Air Station, South Ruislip, United Kingdom: Historical Division, Office of Information, Third Air Force. <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/68061579">68061579</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afgsc.af.mil/Portals/51/Docs/SAC%20Alert%20Operations%20Lo-Res.pdf?ver=2016-09-27-114343-960"><i>Alert Operations and the Strategic Air Command, 1957-1991</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Offutt AFB, NE: Office of the Historian, Strategic Air Command. 1991<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite> (This is an update and expansion of Narducci (1988).)</li></ul>

<dl><dt>Further reading</dt></dl>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAdams1992" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Gerald M. (1992). <i>A History of U.S. Strategic Air Bases in Morocco, 1951-1963</i>. Omaha, NE: Moroccan Reunion Association.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFreedman1981" class="citation book cs1">Freedman, Lawrence (1981). <i>The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy</i>. London, England: The Macmillan Ltd.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMiller1995" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Roger G., ed. (1995). <i>Seeing Off the Bear: Anglo-American Air Power Cooperation During the Cold War</i>. Washington, DC: Air Force History and Museum Program. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1477604441</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="23px&#124;alt=_Strategic_Air_Command_(SAC)24594" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">Strategic Air Command</a> (SAC)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="List_of_Strategic_Air_Command_bases" title="List of Strategic Air Command bases">Bases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center">active<br>(<a href="List_of_major_commands_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="List of major commands of the United States Air Force">MAJCOM</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="Contiguous_United_States#CONUS_and_OCONUS" title="Contiguous United States">CONUS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Altus_Air_Force_Base" title="Altus Air Force Base">Altus</a> (AETC)</li>

<li><a href="Andersen_Air_Force_Base" title="Andersen Air Force Base">Andersen</a> (PACAF)</li>

<li><a href="Andrews_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrews Field">Andrews</a> (AMC)</li>

<li><a href="Barksdale_Air_Force_Base" title="Barksdale Air Force Base">Barksdale</a> (ACC)</li>

<li><a href="Beale_Air_Force_Base" title="Beale Air Force Base">Beale</a> (ACC)</li>

<li><a href="Bolling_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolling Field">Bolling</a> (AFDW)</li>

<li><a href="Cannon_Air_Force_Base" title="Cannon Air Force Base">Cannon</a> (AFSOC)</li>

<li><a href="Columbus_Air_Force_Base" title="Columbus Air Force Base">Columbus</a> (AETC)</li>

<li><a href="Davis%E2%80%93Monthan_Air_Force_Base" title="Davis–Monthan Air Force Base">Davis-Monthan</a> (ACC)</li>

<li><a href="Dyess_Air_Force_Base" title="Dyess Air Force Base">Dyess</a> (ACC)</li>

<li><a href="Eielson_Air_Force_Base" title="Eielson Air Force Base">Eielson</a> (PACAF)</li>

<li><a href="Ellsworth_Air_Force_Base" title="Ellsworth Air Force Base">Ellsworth</a> (ACC)</li>

<li><a href="Eglin_Air_Force_Base" title="Eglin Air Force Base">Eglin</a> (AFMC)</li>

<li><a href="Francis_E._Warren_Air_Force_Base" title="Francis E. Warren Air Force Base">F. E. Warren</a> (AFGSC)</li>

<li><a href="Fairchild_Air_Force_Base" title="Fairchild Air Force Base">Fairchild</a> (AMC)</li>

<li><a href="Forbes_Field_Air_National_Guard_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbes Field Air National Guard Base">Forbes</a> (ANG)</li>

<li><a href="Grand_Forks_Air_Force_Base" title="Grand Forks Air Force Base">Grand Forks</a> (AMC)</li>

<li><a href="Grissom_Air_Reserve_Base" title="Grissom Air Reserve Base">Grissom</a> (AFRC)</li>

<li><a href="Homestead_Air_Reserve_Base" title="Homestead Air Reserve Base">Homestead</a> (AFRC)</li>

<li><a href="Lincoln_Air_National_Guard_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Air National Guard Base">Lincoln</a> (ANG)</li>

<li><a href="Little_Rock_Air_Force_Base" title="Little Rock Air Force Base">Little Rock</a> (AETC)</li>

<li><a href="MacDill_Air_Force_Base" title="MacDill Air Force Base">MacDill</a> (AMC)</li>

<li><a href="Malmstrom_Air_Force_Base" title="Malmstrom Air Force Base">Malmstrom</a> (AFGSC)</li>

<li><a href="March_Air_Reserve_Base" title="March Air Reserve Base">March</a> (AFRC)</li>

<li><a href="McChord_Field" title="McChord Field">McChord</a> (AMC)</li>

<li><a href="McConnell_Air_Force_Base" title="McConnell Air Force Base">McConnell</a> (AMC)</li>

<li><a href="McGuire_Air_Force_Base" title="McGuire Air Force Base">McGuire</a> (AMC)</li>

<li><a href="Minot_Air_Force_Base" title="Minot Air Force Base">Minot</a> (ACC)</li>

<li><a href="Mountain_Home_Air_Force_Base" title="Mountain Home Air Force Base">Mountain Home</a> (ACC)</li>

<li><a href="Nellis_Air_Force_Base" title="Nellis Air Force Base">Nellis</a> (ACC)</li>

<li><a href="Offutt_Air_Force_Base" title="Offutt Air Force Base">Offutt</a> (ACC)</li>

<li><a href="Patrick_Space_Force_Base" title="Patrick Space Force Base">Patrick</a> (USSF)</li>

<li><a href="Pease_Air_National_Guard_Base" title="Pease Air National Guard Base">Pease</a> (ANG)</li>

<li><a href="Rickenbacker_Air_National_Guard_Base" title="Rickenbacker Air National Guard Base">Rickenbacker</a> (ANG)</li>

<li><a href="Robins_Air_Force_Base" title="Robins Air Force Base">Robins</a> (AFMC)</li>

<li><a href="Seymour_Johnson_Air_Force_Base" title="Seymour Johnson Air Force Base">Seymour Johnson</a> (ACC)</li>

<li><a href="Sheppard_Air_Force_Base" title="Sheppard Air Force Base">Sheppard</a> (AETC)</li>

<li><a href="Selfridge_Air_National_Guard_Base" title="Selfridge Air National Guard Base">Selfridge</a> (ANG)</li>

<li><a href="Travis_Air_Force_Base" title="Travis Air Force Base">Travis</a> (AMC)</li>

<li><a href="Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg</a> (USSF)</li>

<li><a href="Westover_Air_Reserve_Base" title="Westover Air Reserve Base">Westover</a> (AFRC)</li>

<li><a href="Whiteman_Air_Force_Base" title="Whiteman Air Force Base">Whiteman</a> (ACC)</li>

<li><a href="Wright-Patterson_Air_Force_Base" title="Wright-Patterson Air Force Base">Wright-Patterson</a> (AFMC)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center">overseas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="RAF_Alconbury" title="RAF Alconbury">RAF Alconbury</a> (USAFE)</li>

<li><a href="Naval_Support_Facility_Diego_Garcia" title="Naval Support Facility Diego Garcia">Diego Garcia</a> (USN)</li>

<li><a href="Kadena_Air_Base" title="Kadena Air Base">Kadena</a> (PACAF)</li>

<li><a href="RAF_Fairford" title="RAF Fairford">RAF Fairford</a> (USAFE)</li>

<li><a href="RAF_Lakenheath" title="RAF Lakenheath">RAF Lakenheath</a> (USAFE)</li>

<li><a href="RAF_Mildenhall" title="RAF Mildenhall">RAF Mildenhall</a> (USAFE)</li>

<li><a href="Thule_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Thule Air Base">Thule</a> (USSF)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center">former /<br>inactive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="Contiguous_United_States#CONUS_and_OCONUS" title="Contiguous United States">CONUS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amarillo_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Amarillo Air Force Base">Amarillo</a></li>

<li><a href="Bergstrom_Air_Force_Base" title="Bergstrom Air Force Base">Bergstrom</a></li>

<li><a href="Biggs_Army_Airfield" title="Biggs Army Airfield">Biggs</a></li>

<li><a href="Calumet_Air_Force_Station" title="Calumet Air Force Station">Calumet Air Force Station</a></li>

<li><a href="Naval_Air_Station_Joint_Reserve_Base_Fort_Worth" title="Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth">Carswell</a></li>

<li><a href="Castle_Air_Force_Base" title="Castle Air Force Base">Castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Chennault_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennault Air Force Base">Chennault</a></li>

<li><a href="Clinton-Sherman_Air_Force_Base" title="Clinton-Sherman Air Force Base">Clinton-Sherman</a></li>

<li><a href="Eaker_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Eaker Air Force Base">Eaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Glasgow_Air_Force_Base" title="Glasgow Air Force Base">Glasgow</a></li>

<li><a href="Grand_Island_Army_Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Island Army Airfield">Grand Island</a> (AAF)</li>

<li><a href="Griffiss_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Griffiss Air Force Base">Griffiss</a></li>

<li><a href="Hunter_Army_Airfield" title="Hunter Army Airfield">Hunter</a></li>

<li><a href="K._I._Sawyer_Air_Force_Base" title="K. I. Sawyer Air Force Base">K. I. Sawyer</a></li>

<li><a href="Kearney_Air_Force_Base" title="Kearney Air Force Base">Kearney</a></li>

<li><a href="Kincheloe_Air_Force_Base" title="Kincheloe Air Force Base">Kincheloe</a></li>

<li><a href="Larson_Air_Force_Base" title="Larson Air Force Base">Larson</a></li>

<li><a href="Loring_Air_Force_Base" title="Loring Air Force Base">Loring</a></li>

<li><a href="Lowry_Air_Force_Base" title="Lowry Air Force Base">Lowry</a></li>

<li><a href="Mather_Air_Force_Base" title="Mather Air Force Base">Mather</a></li>

<li><a href="McCoy_Air_Force_Base" title="McCoy Air Force Base">McCoy</a></li>

<li><a href="Plattsburgh_Air_Force_Base" title="Plattsburgh Air Force Base">Plattsburgh</a></li>

<li><a href="Presque_Isle_Air_Force_Base" title="Presque Isle Air Force Base">Presque Isle</a></li>

<li><a href="Ramey_Air_Force_Base" title="Ramey Air Force Base">Ramey</a></li>

<li><a href="R.I._Bong_Air_Force_Base" title="R.I. Bong Air Force Base">R.I. Bong</a> (unbuilt)</li>

<li><a href="Schilling_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Schilling Air Force Base">Schilling</a></li>

<li><a href="Stead_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Stead Air Force Base">Stead</a></li>

<li><a href="Turner_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Turner Air Force Base">Turner</a></li>

<li><a href="Walker_Air_Force_Base" title="Walker Air Force Base">Walker</a></li>

<li><a href="Wurtsmith_Air_Force_Base" title="Wurtsmith Air Force Base">Wurtsmith</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Strategic_Air_Command_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Strategic Air Command in the United Kingdom">Strategic Air Command in the United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="RAF_Bassingbourn" title="RAF Bassingbourn">RAF Bassingbourn</a></li>

<li><a href="Ben_Guerir_Air_Base" title="Ben Guerir Air Base">Ben Guerir</a></li>

<li>Boulhaut</li>

<li><a href="RAF_Brize_Norton" title="RAF Brize Norton">RAF Brize Norton</a></li>

<li><a href="Bruntingthorpe_Aerodrome" title="Bruntingthorpe Aerodrome">RAF Bruntingthorpe</a></li>

<li><a href="RAF_Burtonwood" title="RAF Burtonwood">RAF Burtonwood</a></li>

<li><a href="RAF_Chelveston" title="RAF Chelveston">RAF Chelveston</a></li>

<li><a href="RAF_Greenham_Common" title="RAF Greenham Common">RAF Greenham Common</a></li>

<li><a href="CFB_Goose_Bay" title="CFB Goose Bay">Goose</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernest_Harmon_Air_Force_Base" title="Ernest Harmon Air Force Base">Ernest Harmon</a></li>

<li><a href="RAF_High_Wycombe" title="RAF High Wycombe">RAF High Wycombe</a></li>

<li><a href="RAF_Upper_Heyford" title="RAF Upper Heyford">RAF Upper Heyford</a></li>

<li><a href="Torrej%C3%B3n_Air_Base" title="Torrejón Air Base">Torrejón</a></li>

<li><a href="RAF_Manston" title="RAF Manston">RAF Manston</a></li>

<li><a href="Mor%C3%B3n_Air_Base" title="Morón Air Base">Morón</a></li>

<li><a href="Nouasseur_Air_Base" title="Nouasseur Air Base">Nouasseur</a></li>

<li><a href="Rabat%E2%80%93Sal%C3%A9_Airport" title="Rabat–Salé Airport">Rabat-Salé</a></li>

<li><a href="RAF_Scampton" title="RAF Scampton">RAF Scampton</a></li>

<li><a href="Sculthorpe_Training_Area" title="Sculthorpe Training Area">RAF Sculthorpe</a></li>

<li><a href="Sidi_Slimane_Air_Base" title="Sidi Slimane Air Base">Sidi Slimane</a></li>

<li><a href="RAF_South_Ruislip" title="RAF South Ruislip">RAF South Ruislip</a></li>

<li><a href="U-Tapao_Royal_Thai_Navy_Airfield" title="U-Tapao Royal Thai Navy Airfield">U-Tapao</a></li>

<li><a href="RAF_Waddington" title="RAF Waddington">RAF Waddington</a></li>

<li><a href="RAF_Woodbridge" title="RAF Woodbridge">RAF Woodbridge</a></li>

<li><a href="RAF_Wyton" title="RAF Wyton">RAF Wyton</a></li>

<li><a href="Zaragoza_Airport" title="Zaragoza Airport">Zaragoza</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="Numbered_Air_Force" title="Numbered Air Force">Air Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Second_Air_Force" title="Second Air Force">Second Air Force</a></li>

<li><a href="Eighth_Air_Force" title="Eighth Air Force">Eighth Air Force</a></li>

<li><a href="15th_Expeditionary_Mobility_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="15th Expeditionary Mobility Task Force">Fifteenth Air Force</a></li>

<li><a href="16th_Air_Expeditionary_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="16th Air Expeditionary Task Force">Sixteenth Air Force</a></li>

<li><a href="Twentieth_Air_Force" title="Twentieth Air Force">Twentieth Air Force</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center">Air</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center">Strategic<br>aerospace</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center">Strategic missile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="Strategic_Air_Command_wings" title="Strategic Air Command wings">Wings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="List_of_USAF_Bomb_Wings_and_Wings_assigned_to_Strategic_Air_Command" title="List of USAF Bomb Wings and Wings assigned to Strategic Air Command">Bombardment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center">Fighter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="71st_Flying_Training_Wing" title="71st Flying Training Wing">71st Strategic Reconnaissance (Fighter)</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="List_of_missile_wings_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="List of missile wings of the United States Air Force">Missile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>4320th Strategic Wing (Missile)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Reconnaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="6th_Air_Mobility_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Air Mobility Wing">6th Strategic Reconnaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="26th_Tactical_Reconnaissance_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing">26th Strategic Reconnaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="55th_Wing" title="55th Wing">55th Strategic Reconnaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="544th_Intelligence%2C_Surveillance_and_Reconnaissance_Group" title="544th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group">544th Aerospace Reconnaissance Technical</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="List_of_United_States_Air_Force_air_refueling_wings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Air Force air refueling wings">Refueling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="List_of_USAF_Strategic_Wings_assigned_to_the_Strategic_Air_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="List of USAF Strategic Wings assigned to the Strategic Air Command">Strategic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center">Aerospace</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center">AFCON</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="List_of_MAJCOM_wings_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="List of MAJCOM wings of the United States Air Force">MAJCOM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center">USAAF<br>Groups<br><span style="font-size: 85%;"><big>*</big>= initial assigned<br>unit upon SAC's<br>activation</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center">Bombardment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="509th_Composite_Group" title="509th Composite Group">509th Composite</a> (3/46*)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center">Reconnaissance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="91st_Operations_Group" title="91st Operations Group">91st Strategic Reconnaissance</a> (1/47)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Equipment_of_Strategic_Air_Command" title="Equipment of Strategic Air Command">Major<br>weapon<br>systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="Bomber_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomber aircraft">Bombers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Rockwell_B-1_Lancer" title="Rockwell B-1 Lancer">Rockwell B-1 Lancer</a></li>

<li><a href="Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit">Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit</a></li>

<li><a href="Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">Boeing B-29 Superfortress</a></li>

<li><a href="Convair_B-36_Peacemaker" title="Convair B-36 Peacemaker">Convair B-36 Peacemaker</a></li>

<li><a href="North_American_B-45_Tornado" title="North American B-45 Tornado">North American B-45 Tornado</a></li>

<li><a href="Boeing_B-47_Stratojet" title="Boeing B-47 Stratojet">Boeing B-47 Stratojet</a></li>

<li><a href="Boeing_B-50_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-50 Superfortress">Boeing B-50 Superfortress</a></li>

<li><a href="Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">Boeing B-52 Stratofortress</a></li>

<li><a href="Convair_B-58_Hustler" title="Convair B-58 Hustler">Convair B-58 Hustler</a></li>

<li><a href="General_Dynamics_F-111_Aardvark" title="General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark">General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command<br>& Control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lockheed_DC-130" title="Lockheed DC-130">Lockheed DC-130</a></li>

<li><a href="Boeing_E-4" title="Boeing E-4">Boeing E-4</a></li>

<li><a href="Boeing_EC-135" title="Boeing EC-135">Boeing EC-135</a></li>

<li><a href="Boeing_RC-135" title="Boeing RC-135">Boeing RC-135</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center">Fighters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">North American F-2 Mustang</a></li>

<li><a href="North_American_F-82_Twin_Mustang" title="North American F-82 Twin Mustang">North American F-82 Twin Mustang</a></li>

<li><a href="Republic_F-84F_Thunderstreak" title="Republic F-84F Thunderstreak">Republic F-84F Thunderstreak</a></li>

<li><a href="North_American_F-86_Sabre" title="North American F-86 Sabre">North American F-86 Sabre</a></li>

<li><a href="Convair_F-102_Delta_Dagger" title="Convair F-102 Delta Dagger">Convair F-102 Delta Dagger</a></li>

<li><a href="General_Dynamics_F-111_Aardvark" title="General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark">General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center">Missiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="Aerial_reconnaissance" title="Aerial reconnaissance">Reconnaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird" title="Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird">Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird</a></li>

<li><a href="Lockheed_U-2#U-2R/S_details" title="Lockheed U-2">Lockheed TR-1</a></li>

<li><a href="Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">Lockheed U-2</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_RB-57D_Canberra" title="Martin RB-57D Canberra">Martin RB-57D Canberra</a></li>

<li><a href="Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress">Boeing RB-17</a></li>

<li><a href="Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">Boeing RB-29</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="Aerial_refueling" title="Aerial refueling">Tankers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Boeing_KB-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing KB-29 Superfortress">Boeing KB-29 Superfortress</a></li>

<li><a href="Boeing_B-50_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-50 Superfortress">Boeing KB-50</a></li>

<li><a href="McDonnell_Douglas_KC-10_Extender" title="McDonnell Douglas KC-10 Extender">McDonnell Douglas KC-10 Extender</a></li>

<li><a href="Boeing_KC-97_Stratofreighter" title="Boeing KC-97 Stratofreighter">Boeing KC-97 Stratofreighter</a></li>

<li><a href="Lockheed_HC-130" title="Lockheed HC-130">Lockheed HC-130</a></li>

<li><a href="Lockheed_Martin_KC-130" title="Lockheed Martin KC-130">Lockheed Martin KC-130</a></li>

<li><a href="Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker" title="Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker">Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="Military_transport_aircraft" title="Military transport aircraft">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beechcraft_Model_18" title="Beechcraft Model 18">Beechcraft C-45</a></li>

<li><a href="Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">Douglas C-47 Skytrain</a></li>

<li><a href="Douglas_C-54_Skymaster" title="Douglas C-54 Skymaster">Douglas C-54 Skymaster</a></li>

<li><a href="Fairchild_C-82_Packet" title="Fairchild C-82 Packet">Fairchild C-82 Packet</a></li>

<li><a href="Boeing_C-97_Stratofreighter" title="Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter">Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter</a></li>

<li><a href="Douglas_DC-6" title="Douglas DC-6">Douglas C-118</a></li>

<li><a href="Fairchild_C-119_Flying_Boxcar" title="Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar">Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar</a></li>

<li><a href="Douglas_C-124_Globemaster_II" title="Douglas C-124 Globemaster II">Douglas C-124 Globemaster II</a></li>

<li><a href="Convair_C-131_Samaritan" title="Convair C-131 Samaritan">Convair C-131 Samaritan</a></li>

<li><a href="Boeing_C-135_Stratolifter" title="Boeing C-135 Stratolifter">Boeing C-135 Stratolifter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="List_of_commanders-in-chief_of_the_Strategic_Air_Command" title="List of commanders-in-chief of the Strategic Air Command">Commanders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="George_Kenney" title="George Kenney">George Kenney</a></li>

<li><a href="Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_S._Power" title="Thomas S. Power">Power</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_J._Nazzaro" title="Joseph J. Nazzaro">Joseph J. Nazzaro</a></li>

<li><a href="Bruce_K._Holloway" title="Bruce K. Holloway">Bruce K. Holloway</a></li>

<li><a href="John_C._Meyer" title="John C. Meyer">John C. Meyer</a></li>

<li><a href="Russell_E._Dougherty" title="Russell E. Dougherty">Russell E. Dougherty</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_H._Ellis" title="Richard H. Ellis">Richard H. Ellis</a></li>

<li><a href="Bennie_L._Davis" title="Bennie L. Davis">Bennie L. Davis</a></li>

<li><a href="Larry_D._Welch" title="Larry D. Welch">Larry D. Welch</a></li>

<li>John T. Chain, Jr,</li>

<li><a href="George_Lee_Butler" title="George Lee Butler">George Lee Butler</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Emblems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command_Emblems" class="extiw external" title="commons:Strategic Air Command Emblems">Strategic Air Command Emblem Gallery</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="United_States_military_aircraft_designation_systems" title="United States military aircraft designation systems">United States military aircraft designation systems</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-05" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Operation_Reflex&oldid=1304341569">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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